Analysis of The Efficiency of a Dual-Injection Ozone Water Treatment System For Intensive Livestock Operations 1. Background Envron has developed a dual-injection Ozone water treatment system based on Ozonation models recommended by the United States Environmental Protection Agency. Using information from the EPA and from published studies available from the International Ozone Association and other sources, Envron has developed a formula for calculating the Ozone demand in raw water samples. Based on these tests, Envron has been sizing systems for sale mainly in the poultry industry.  Envron’s business plan now calls for skid-mounting these systems and expanding markets. These systems have improved production on poultry farms, in many cases very dramatically. (See Appendix) In setting up formulas for calculating Ozone demand in water treatment systems, Envron relied on data mainly from municipal and large water plant studies. There was no corresponding literature on small point of use water systems. As such, Envron has no hard data to determine if its small point of use systems are optimally sized. In order to undertake market expansion, provide data on system performance to customers and to validate Envron’s approach to dual-injection systems, a study on system performance under varying water conditions is required. 2. Literature Review Determining initial Ozone demand in water supplies is the key to correctly applying Ozone in water treatment systems. In developing Envron’s formulas for Ozone demand, Jeremy Nkunzimana, Ph.D. undertook a literature review to determine how Ozone demand is calculated within the industry. Most of the literature dealt with large municipal water treatment systems. In developing small point of use Ozonation systems Dr. Nkunzimana made several extrapolations of data and formulas from the studies. Envron would now like to begin testing to determine how efficient these systems are and to modify the company’s initial demand calculations based on these tests. (See Studies Cited, Appendix B) 3. Methodology Envron’s Ozone water demand analysis is based on the following key parameters in raw water samples: pH, Dissolved Organic Carbon, Total Dissolved Solids, Iron, Manganese and Turbidity. The biggest determining factor in Ozone Demand is Dissolved Organic Carbon. Water classifications for reflecting this are grouped into Five Classifications: DOC Classifications 1. 0 - 5 mg/l. 2. 6-10 mg/l. 3. 11-15 mg/l. 4. 16-20 mg/l. 5. 21 - 25 mg/l. 3.a. Treatment: 1. 0 Mg. Ozone/Mg./DOC 2. .5 Mg. Ozone/Mg./DOC 3. 1.0 Mg. Ozone/Mg./Doc After all the blocks have been formed, the three types of Ozone treatment are assigned randomly to the water samples within each block. Subjects or water samples that are relatively homogenous with respect to DOC, TDS and Turbidity prior to the treatment are assigned to the same block. 3.b. Experimental Design The experimental design indicates the way in which our testing is to be performed. The design of our system testing involves a number of inter-related activities: - Formulation of Research Question - Determination of the Experimental Conditions - Independent variable = Ozone Dosages. The variable that is under the control of the researcher. iii. Specification of the Number of Experimental Units Required 3.c. Specification of the Procedure for Assigning the Experimental Conditions to the Experimental Units Randomization Principle Randomized design with one treatment (two options) of design. a. Experimental Units are not sub-divided on any basis other than randomization prior to assignment of Ozone treatment levels. b. No restrictions on random assignment other than the option of assigning each level to the same number of water sources. c. Experimental units are sub-divided on some non-random basis and/or one or more restrictions on random assignment. (Randomized block design). 4. Determination of the Measurements to be Recorded (Dependant variable or water quality parameter to be recorded). For each well water sample, the statistical analyses that will be performed. 5. Selection of Dependent Variables In our investigation the choice of dependent variables is determined by practical considerations. Dissolved Organic Carbon (DOC), Turbidity, Total Dissolved Solids (TDS), Iron, Manganese. These measurements are the most reliable indicators of Organics and Inorganics in water quality. 6. Selection of Independent Variables The independent variable is the presence or absence of Ozone. Such a treatment is said to have three treatment levels. We are interested in the nature of the relationship between Ozone dosages and water quality. (DOC reduction, iron and manganese reduction, turbidity reduction). Three levels of Ozonation will be employed. These levels will consist of 0 mg. .5 mg 1.0 mg/mg. of DOC. (The 0 mg. being the control level for the experimental design.) Selection of Ozone dosage levels are based on results of previous work carried out by Envron. System Configuration - Testing of the Ozone treatment system prior to running the experiments is required. Control of Nuisance Variables These Nuisance Variables are undesired sources of variation that may affect water quality including temperature and pH variation. Unless controlled, these environmental variables can bias the outcome of the testing. (See literature review). Approaches to control nuisance variables: 1. Hold temperature and pH at constant levels throughout the experiment for all waters. 2. To assign water samples randomly to the experimental conditions. Then unsuspected sources of variations or bias are distributed over the entire testing of the experiment and thus do not affect just one or a limited number of treatment levels. 7. Randomized Block Design A blocking procedure will be employed to reduce error variance. In fact differences among the experimental units may make a significant contribution to error variance and thereby mask or obscure the effect of Ozonation. Similarly administering the levels of Ozone treatment under different environmental conditions (organics, inorganics) may also mask treatment effects. Variation in the dependent variable may be attributable to such sources. Randomized block design is the way to control these variations. This blocking procedure involves forming eight blocks of water sources. The eight blocks correspond to the levels of organics and inorganics. The blocks are formed so that the units in each block are more homogenous with respect to organics and inorganics than those in different blocks. The three Ozone levels will be assigned to the experimental units randomly and independently for each block. The randomized block design is appropriate for experiments that meet the following three conditions: 1. One treatment with more than 2 levels. 2. The formation of a certain number of blocks n each containing p homogenous experimental units. The variability among wells within each block should be less than the variability among water wells in different blocks. 3. Random assignment of treatment levels to experimental units within each block. 4. Formation of w groups each containing more than two homogenous units. For 24 water Samples : 232 Tests Equipment The equipment required for the test protocol would consist of  Ozone Generators, dissolved Ozone Meters, flow meters, filtration equipment and before and after treatment tanks: Studies Cited, Appendix B 1. Blaich et al. Development of Ozone technology and application. Department of research and development - Ozone technology. Duesseldorf. Germany. 2. Paul K. Overbeck. Regulatory environment impact on small systems. Proceedings, Ozone World Congress, Dearborn, Michigan, 1999. 3. Wricke et al., 1995. Restriction of THM formation during final chlorination by means of ozonation. Dresden, Germany. 4. Advanced water treatment strategy for control of disinfection by-products in London’s water supply. Thames Water Utilities Ltd, Research and Technology. 1999. 5. Duguet et al. 1992. Evaluation technico-économique de l’élimination de l’atrazine par le couplage Ozone-peroxyde d’hydrogène/charbon actif en grains sur la station de traitement du mont-Valerien. Water supply, 10 : 105 - 110. 6. Orlandini et al. 1995. Combining ozonation and granular activated carbon filtration for pesticide removal. International Institute for Infrastructural, Hydraulic and Environmental Engineering. The Netherlands. 7. Inactivation of Giardia and Cryptosporidium using Ozone. Environmental Engineering and Science Program, Dep. of Civil Engineering, University of Alberta. 1993 8. Proceedings of the 14^th Ozone World Congress, Dearborn, Michigan, 1999. 9. Le curieux et al. 1995.  Study on the genotoxicity of brominated compounds produced during the ozonation of natural waters containing bromide ions. Laboratoire de Toxicologie Génétique de Lille ( France). 10. Awogi et al. 1992. Induction of micronucleated reticulocytes by potassium bromate and potassium chromate in CD-1 male mice. Mutation Research, 278. 11. Control Options for Bromate Minimization during Ozonation Process. Swiss Federal Institute For Environmental Science and Technology. 1999 12. Roustan et al. 1995. Bromate formation impact on Ozone contactor hydraulics and operating conditions. Toulouse, France; Dubendorf, Suitzeland; Buenos Aires, Argentina. 13. Kruitof et al. 1995. Control strategies for the restriction of bromate formation. Kiwa NV Research and Consultancy. The Netherlands. 14. Mohamed Siddiqui, Gary Amy. 1995. Bromate formation during ozonation: effect of ammonia addition compare to other minimizing options. University of Colorado. 15.  Eva Nieminski, Doug Evans. 1993. Pilot testing of trace metals removal with Ozone at Snowbird Ski Resort. Utah Department of Environmental Quality, Salt Lake City, Utah. 16. Braun et al. 1993. Ozonation for enhancement of filtration and for particle removal. The Massachusets Water Resource Authority.